Outside the technical literature there has been little study of the protocols and standards that run through software and hence media ecologies, digital assemblages and information spaces. Even within software studies, the emphasis has been on software packages, whether business (Fuller 2003a), games (Galloway 2006, WardripFruin 2009), artworks (Fuller 2003b, Parikka 2010, Hertz & Parikka …
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